Kwicandelo leziseko zombane, iCable PVC yaziwa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo esithandwayo sokukhusela nokukhusela. Ukuthandwa kwayo kuvela kwiingenelo ezininzi, kuquka iimpawu ezintle zokukhusela umbane, ukungatshisi ilangatye, ukumelana neekhemikhali, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Nangona kunjalo, le polymer iguquguqukayo inemida ebalulekileyo: isengozini yokubola kobushushu xa ijongene namaqondo obushushu aphezulu okucubungula i-extrusion (ngesiqhelo ukusuka kwi-170–180 °C) kunye noxinzelelo lokusebenza ixesha elide.
Kulapho keIziQinisekisi zePVCngenxaIingcingo kunye neentambongena njengezinto ezibalulekileyo. Ezi zongezo zisebenza ngeenjongo ezimbini: azithinteli kuphela ukukhutshwa kwe-hydrogen chloride (HCl) ngexesha lokucubungula kodwa zikwakhusela iCable PVC ekwaluphaleni, elangeni, nasekukhukulisekeni kwendalo. Ngokwenza njalo, ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nobude bexesha leentambo zombane, eziziindlela zokunika amandla izakhiwo zokuhlala, izibonelelo zoshishino, kunye neeprojekthi zamandla ahlaziyekayo ngokufanayo.
Uphuhliso lwe-PVC Stabilizers eziqhutywa yiMithetho yokusingqongileyo
Ukubaluleka kweziqinisi zePVC kwiintambo zombane kudlula nje ukhuseleko lobushushu. Kwiinkqubo zombane, nokuba kukonakala okuncinci kweCable PVC kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu, njengokonakala kwe-insulation, ii-short circuits, okanye neengozi zomlilo. Njengoko imithetho yokusingqongileyo yehlabathi iya isiba ngqongqo ngakumbi, imeko-bume ye-IziQinisekisi zePVC zeeNtambo kunye neeCablesItshintshile kakhulu. Eli shishini liyayeka ukusebenzisa iindlela zemveli ezinobungozi liye kwezinye iindlela ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ezilungelelanisa ukusebenza, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
Izakhelo zolawulo eziphambili zibe negalelo elikhulu kolu tshintsho. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-REACH we-European Union, iSicwangciso se-14 seMinyaka emihlanu saseTshayina soShishino lokuLungisa iiPlastiki, kunye nemigangatho yengingqi efana ne-AS/NZS 3,808 zonke zikhawulezise ukupheliswa kweziqinisi ezisekelwe kwi-lead kunye ne-cadmium. Oku kuye kwanyanzela abavelisi ukuba batyale imali kwaye bamkele izisombululo eziluhlaza nezizinzileyo.
Iintlobo ze-PVC Stabilizer ezisetyenziswa kakhulu nezivelayo
•IziQinisekisi zeCalcium-Zinc (Ca/Zn) Composite
Iziqinisi ezidityanisiweyo zeCalcium-zinc (Ca/Zn)Zivele njengokhetho oluqhelekileyo olunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwizicelo zeCable PVC, olune-42% yamandla emveliso yehlabathi ngo-2025. Ukwamkelwa kwazo ngokubanzi kungenxa yokungabi nabungozi, ukuthobela imigangatho yokunxibelelana kokutya kunye nokhuseleko lombane, kunye nendlela yokusebenza eyahlukileyo yokusebenzisana.
Iisepha zeZincithintela ukutshintsha kombala kokuqala ngokuphendula nge-allyl chloride kwiityathanga ze-PVC, ngelixa isepha ze-calcium zifunxa iimveliso ze-zinc chloride ukuthintela ukukhululwa kwe-HCl ekhatalytic. Olu manyano luphuculwa ngakumbi zi-co-stabilizers ezifana nee-polyols kunye ne-β-diketones, ezizisa uzinzo lwazo lobushushu kufutshane nolo lweetyuwa ze-lead zemveli.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo zeCa/Zn azinazo iingxaki. Zifuna idosi ephindwe kayi-1.5 ukuya kweyesi-2 yeetyuwa ze-lead kwaye zinokukhula—isiphene somphezulu esinokuphazamisa ukusebenza kweCable PVC. Ngethamsanqa, ukuqhubela phambili kwakutshanje ekuguqulweni kwe-nano, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana ne-graphene kunye ne-nano-silica, kuye kwanciphisa ngempumelelo ezi ngxaki. Ezi zinto zintsha ziye zandisa uzinzo lobushushu beIziqinisi zeCa/Znukuya kwi-90% yamanqanaba etyuwa yelothe kunye nokuphucula ukumelana nokuguguleka ukuya kuthi ga kathathu.
•Izinto eziQinisekisa i-Organotin
Iziqinisi ze-Organotin zigcina indawo ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ze-Cable PVC ezifunwa kakhulu, ingakumbi apho kufuneka khona ukucaca kunye nokumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo. Iikhompawundi ezifana ne-dioctyl tin maleate kunye ne-tin mercaptoacetate zibalasele ekutshintsheni ii-athomu ze-chlorine ezingazinzanga kwiityathanga ze-PVC ngokusebenzisa i-sulfur atom bonding, zithintela ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwee-polyenes ezidibeneyo ezibangela ukutshintsha kombala.
Ukuhambelana kwazo okuhle kakhulu neCable PVC kunika ukucaca okugqwesileyo, okwenza ukuba zilungele iintambo zonyango, ubushushu obucacileyo, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezichanekileyo. Zivunyiwe yi-US FDA kwizicelo zokunxibelelana nokutya kwaye zihambelana nemigangatho engqongqo ye-EU, iziqinisi ze-organotin zibonelela ngokusebenziseka okungenakuthelekiswa nanto naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima.
Nangona kunjalo, ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zixabiso kunye nokuthamba. Iziqinisi ze-Organotin zibiza ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kuneenkqubo ze-Ca/Zn, kwaye ukuthamba kwazo okungalunganga kufuna ukuxubana neesepha zesinyithi ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthamba.
•Izinto Ezizinzileyo Zomhlaba Ezingaqhelekanga
Iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingaqhelekanga, ezibunjwe ngamaTshayina, ziye zatshintsha kakhulu kwiimarike zeCable PVC eziphakathi ukuya kweziphezulu. Ngokusekelwe kwi-lanthanum stearate kunye ne-cerium citrate, ezi ziqinisi zisebenzisa ii-orbital ezingenanto zezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ukuze zihambelane neeathom ze-chlorine kwiityathanga ze-PVC, zithintela ukukhululwa kwe-HCl kwaye zifunxa ii-free radicals.
Xa zixutywe neenkqubo zeCa/Zn okanye ioyile yesoya efakwe i-epoxidized, uzinzo lwazo lobushushu luphucuka ngaphezulu kwe-30%, ziphumelela ngaphezu kweesepha zesinyithi zemveli ezisetyenziswa ixesha elide. Nangona zibiza ngaphezulu nge-15–20% kuneziqinisi zeCa/Zn, zisusa umngcipheko wongcoliseko lwesulfure kwaye zihambelana neenjongo zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni. Oku kuzenza zibe lukhetho olukhethwayo lweentambo zamandla avuselelekayo (umz., i-photovoltaic kunye namandla omoya) kunye neentambo zeemoto.
Iqhutywa kukulawula kweTshayina kwizixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye notyalo-mali oluqhubekayo lwe-R&D, kulindeleke ukuba iziqinisi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zibambe i-12% yemarike yehlabathi yee-PVC Stabilizers zeentambo kunye neentambo ngo-2025.
Uthelekiso lweNtsebenzo lweeStabilizers zePVC eziqhelekileyo
Ukusebenza kwee-PVC Stabilizers zeengcingo kunye neentambo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu zobugcisa zeCable PVC, njengoko kuchaziwe yimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-AS/NZS 3808 kunye ne-IEC 60811. Le theyibhile ilandelayo ithelekisa iindlela eziphambili zokusebenza zeentlobo eziqhelekileyo ze-stabilizer kwizicelo ze-Cable PVC insulation kunye ne-sheathing, inika isalathiso esisebenzayo kubavelisi:
| Uhlobo lwe-Stabilizer | Uzinzo lobushushu (200°C, umzuzu) | Ukumelana nomthamo (Ω·cm) | Ukugcinwa kokwaluphala (Tensile strength, %) | Ixabiso elimalunga neCa/Zn | Izicelo eziphambili |
| I-Calcium-Zinc Composite | ≥100 | ≥10¹³ | ≥75 | 1.0x | Iingcingo zenjongo ngokubanzi, iintambo zokwakha |
| I-Organotin | ≥150 | ≥10¹⁴ | ≥85 | 3.0–5.0x | Iintambo zonyango, ubushushu obubonakalayo |
| Umhlaba ongaqhelekanga | ≥130 | ≥10¹³ | ≥80 | 1.15–1.20x | Amandla avuselelekayo, iingcingo zeemoto |
| Ityuwa yeLead (Ikhutshwe kancinci) | ≥120 | ≥10¹³ | ≥78 | 0.6x | Iintambo zemizi-mveliso zakudala (zingavumelekanga kwi-EU/China) |
Ukuthotyelwa kweMithetho ye-PVC Stabilizers
Ngaphaya kokusebenza okubonakalayo, ukuthobela imithetho yokusingqongileyo eguqukayo yinto ebalulekileyo kubavelisi be-PVC Stabilizers zeengcingo kunye neentambo. Isilungiso se-REACH sika-2025 (EU 2025/1731) songeze izinto ezili-16 ze-CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) kuluhlu lwazo lwemiqathango, kubandakanya i-dibutyltin oxide—esetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-Cable PVC stabilizers—enomda woxinzelelo we-0.3%.
Oku kuye kwanyanzela abavelisi ukuba bacinge ngokutsha ngemixube yabo. Izinto eziqinileyo zeCa/Zn ezikhupha umoya omncinci kunye nolwelo olungenaphenol ziyathandwa kwiimarike zaseYurophu ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zeVOC kunye nomgangatho womoya. Kubathengisi bamanye amazwe, ingakumbi abo bavela eTshayina, ukuhamba ngesakhelo solawulo oluthathu lwe-"REACH+RoHS+Eco-Design" kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo. Oku kufuna ukulandeleka kwekhonkco lokubonelela ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni kunye novavanyo lomntu wesithathu ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweCable PVC.
Apha ngezantsi kukho izisombululo ezijoliswe kuzo kwimingeni eqhelekileyo edibana nayo xa kusetyenziswa iziqinisi zePVC, ezinceda ukuphucula uzinzo kunye nokusebenza kweengcingo kunye neentambo.
Umbuzo 1: Kwimveliso yeengcingo zokwakha ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye neentambo (udidi oluphambili kwiinkqubo zombane), iingxaki zokuqhakaza zihlala zenzeka kwi-Ca/Zn composite stabilizers. Ungayisombulula njani ngempumelelo le ngxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwemveliso?
A1: Ukuqhakaza kweziqinisi ezidityanisiweyo zeCa/Zn kuphazamisa umgangatho womphezulu kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide kweengcingo zokwakha kunye neentambo. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu yidosi engafanelekanga okanye ukuhambelana okungekho mthethweni nezinye izongezo. Ukujongana noku kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo kweentambo zenkqubo yombane, la manyathelo alandelayo angathathwa: Okokuqala, phucula idosi yokuzinzisa. Ngokusekelwe kwifomyula yokwenyani yemveliso, nciphisa ngokufanelekileyo idosi ngaphakathi koluhlu olusebenzayo lokuzinzisa (thintela ukudlula kabini idosi yeetyuwa ze-lead) ukuthintela ukugqithisa kwecandelo kunye nokufuduka. Okwesibini, khetha iziqinisi zeCa/Zn eziguqulweyo nano-modified. Iimveliso eziguqulwe ngegraphene okanye i-nano-silica zinokuphucula kakhulu ukuhambelana neematrices zePVC, zinciphise ukufuduka komphezulu weenxalenye zokuzinzisa, kwaye zonyuse ukuthembeka ngokubanzi kweentambo. Okwesithathu, lungisa umlinganiselo we-co-stabilizer. Yongeza ngokufanelekileyo ukongezwa kwee-polyols okanye ii-β-diketones ukuze uqinise isiphumo sokusebenzisana neziqinisi zeCa/Zn, uthintele ukufuduka kwecandelo, kwaye uphucule uzinzo lobushushu. Okokugqibela, lawula iiparameter zokucubungula. Ziphephe iiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu lokuphuma kwamanzi (kucetyiswa ukuba libe phakathi kwe-170–180 °C) kwaye uqinisekise ukuba izinto zixutywa ngokufanayo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqokelelana kwezinto ezizinzisayo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuqhakaza nokuchaphazela ukusebenza kweentambo.
Umbuzo 2: Kwiintambo zonyango ezichanekileyo kakhulu kunye neentambo (ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zombane zonyango) ezifuna ukucaca, kukhethwa iziqinisi ze-organotin, kodwa iindleko zemveliso ziphezulu kakhulu. Ngaba ikho enye indlela engabizi kakhulu egcina ukuthembeka?
A2: Iziqinisi ze-Organotin zikhethwa kwiintambo zonyango ezicacileyo kunye neentambo ngenxa yokucaca kwazo okuhle kunye nokuzinza kobushushu, ezibalulekileyo ekuthembekeni kwenkqubo yombane yezonyango. Ukulinganisela iindleko kunye nokusebenza, ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zinokusetyenziswa: Okokuqala, yamkela ifomula edibeneyo. Phantsi kwengcamango yokuqinisekisa ukucaca, ukuzinza kobushushu, kunye nokuhambelana kwezinto eziphilayo (isitshixo sezicelo zombane wezonyango), xuba iziqinisi ze-organotin kunye nenani elincinci leziqinisi ze-Ca/Zn ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwisilinganiso esicetyiswayo se-7:3 okanye i-8:2. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zizonke ngelixa kugcina ukusebenza okuphambili okufunekayo kwiintambo zonyango. Okwesibini, khetha iimveliso ze-organotin ezicocekileyo kakhulu, ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Nangona ixabiso leyunithi yazo liphezulu kancinci, idosi efunekayo iphantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiindleko ezibanzi ezingabizi kakhulu kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo kweentambo zenkqubo yombane. Okwesithathu, phucula ulawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela. Thetha nababoneleli ngezaphulelo zokuthenga ngobuninzi, okanye usebenzisane namaziko e-R&D ukuphuhlisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-organotin ezixabiso liphantsi ezihambelana nemigangatho yombane yezonyango. Kubalulekile ukwenza uvavanyo olungqongqo lokusebenza (ukucaca, ukuzinza kobushushu, ukuhambelana kwezinto eziphilayo) xa kutshintshwa okanye kuhlanganiswa iziqinisi ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweenkcukacha zekhebula lezonyango kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yombane.
Umbuzo 3: Xa uvelisa iingcingo zamandla avuselelekayo kunye neentambo (zeenkqubo zombane zamandla amatsha), ungaqinisekisa njani ukuba iziqinisi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezikhethiweyo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni kunye nokuzinza kobushushu bexesha elide ukuxhasa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo?
A3: Iintambo zamandla avuselelekayo kunye neentambo zisebenza kwiindawo ezinobungozi (ubushushu obuphezulu, ukufuma, imitha ye-ultraviolet), ngoko ke iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingaqhelekanga kufuneka zilinganise ukungathathi cala kwekhabhoni kunye nokuzinza kobushushu bexesha elide ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yombane. La manyathelo alandelayo ayacetyiswa: Okokuqala, khetha iziqinisi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezinobuhlobo nendalo. Beka phambili iimveliso ezisekelwe kwi-lanthanum stearate okanye i-cerium citrate ezivela kubavelisi abasemthethweni abaneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo (umz., ukuthobela imigangatho ye-EU yokukhupha ikhabhoni). Qinisekisa ukuba iimveliso azinasulfur ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko lwesalfure kwaye zihambelane neenjongo zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni. Okwesibini, yamkela ifomyula edibeneyo ngeoyile yesoya e-epoxidized. Umlinganiselo we-compound we-1:0.5–1:1 unokuphucula uzinzo lobushushu ngaphezulu kwe-30%, uphucule ukusebenza kokusingqongileyo, kwaye wandise ubomi benkonzo yeentambo kwiinkqubo zombane zamandla avuselelekayo. Okwesithathu, yenza uvavanyo oluqinileyo lokuguga lwexesha elide. Lingisa indawo yokusebenza yokwenyani yeentambo zamandla avuselelekayo (ubushushu obuphezulu, ukufuma, imitha ye-UV) ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinga lokugcina amandla okutsalwa emva kokuguga alikho ngaphantsi kwe-80%, ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-IEC 60811. Okokugqibela, sebenzisa ukulandeleka kwezinto eziluhlaza. Khetha iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingaqhelekanga ezinezixhobo eziluhlaza ezivela kumashishini okugaya nokucubungula izinto ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, uqinisekise ukuba lonke uthotho lokubonelela luhambelana neemfuno zokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni ngelixa lugcina ukuthembeka kweentambo.
Umbuzo 4: Xa uthumela iingcingo zePVC kunye neentambo kwimarike yaseYurophu, ungaqinisekisa njani ukuba izibambi ezisetyenzisiweyo ziyahambelana nohlengahlengiso lwe-REACH luka-2025 (EU 2025/1731) kwaye zigcine ukuthembeka kwezicelo zenkqubo yombane?
A4: Ukuthobela isilungiso se-REACH sika-2025 kuyimfuneko yokuthumela iingcingo zePVC kunye neentambo eYurophu, kwaye inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kweentambo kwiinkqubo zombane zaseYurophu. La manyathelo alandelayo kufuneka athathwe: Okokuqala, yenza uhlolo olupheleleyo lweefomyula zokuzinzisa. Qinisekisa ukuba umxholo wezinto ezili-16 zeCMR ezongeziweyo (ezifana ne-dibutyltin oxide) awudluli kwi-0.3%. Kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe iziqinisi eziqinileyo zeCa/Zn ezikhupha umoya ophantsi okanye iziqinisi zolwelo ezingenaphenol eziphumelele isiqinisekiso seREACH, ezinokunciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokuthobela umthetho. Okwesibini, misela inkqubo epheleleyo yokulandelela uthotho lobonelelo. Funa ababoneleli ukuba banike iingxelo zovavanyo lokuzinzisa (umz., ukufunyanwa kwezinto zeCMR zomntu wesithathu) kunye nezatifikethi zomthombo wezinto eziluhlaza ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke ikhonkco iyahlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho kwaye ixhasa ukuthembeka kweentambo zenkqubo yombane. Okwesithathu, yenza uvavanyo lokuthobela umthetho ngaphambi kokuthumela ngaphandle. Thumela iimveliso zentambo ezigqityiweyo kumaziko ovavanyo aziwayo yi-EU ukuze kuvavanywe izinto zeCMR, ukukhutshwa kweVOC, kunye nezinye izalathisi eziphambili, uqinisekise ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuqaliswa. Okokugqibela, landela uhlaziyo lomthetho. Jonga utshintsho olutshintshayo kwi-REACH kunye neminye imithetho enxulumene nayo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye ulungise iindlela zokuqinisa kunye nolawulo lwekhonkco lobonelelo ngokukhawuleza ukuze uphephe iingozi zomthetho kwaye ugcine ukusebenza kweentambo kwiinkqubo zombane zaseYurophu.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Feb-02-2026