Ngena kuyo nayiphi na indawo yokwakha okanye ivenkile yokuphucula ikhaya, kwaye uza kufumana i-PVC kuyo yonke indawo—ukusuka kwimibhobho ethwala amanzi kwizakhiwo ukuya kwiiprofayili zefestile ezicwangcisa imibono yethu. Into abantu abaninzi abangayiqondiyo kukuba le thermoplastic isebenziseka lula ifunyenwe kwiqhawe elithuleyo: iziqinisi ze-PVC. Kwiinkqubo zokukhupha, ngakumbi, ukukhetha okulungileyo.Isiqinisi sePVCayingombandela nje wokuhlangabezana nezabelo zemveliso; ngumahluko phakathi kwemveliso eqinileyo, ehambelanayo nemveliso engasebenzi kakuhle ngaphambi kwexesha.
Okokuqala, masiqonde ukuba kutheni izinto ezizinzisayo zingaxoxiswana ngazo xa kusenziwa i-PVC extrusion. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-thermoplastics, i-PVC ine-Achilles' heel: uzinzo olubi kubushushu. Xa ifudunyezwa ukuya kumaqondo obushushu angama-160–200°C aqhelekileyo xa kusenziwa i-extrusion—ingakumbi kwiimveliso eziqinileyo ezifana neepayipi—i-PVC iqala ukukhupha i-hydrogen chloride (HCl). Oku kubangela ukonakala kwe-chain reaction, okukhokelela ekutshintsheni kombala (cinga ngokutyheli, emva koko kube mdaka, emva koko kube mnyama) kunye nokuwa okukhulu kwamandla oomatshini. Ukuba ayijongwanga, le nto iba buthathaka kwaye ingasetyenziswa, singasathethi ke ngezixhobo ezingcolisayo ze-HCl ezitshabalalisa igesi. Kulapho izinto ezizinzisayo ze-PVC zingena khona. Umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukuphazamisa le nkqubo yokuwohloka—nokuba kukwenza i-HCl ingasebenzi, kuthathelwe indawo ii-athomu ze-chlorine ezingazinzanga kwi-PVC molecular chain, okanye kubanjwe ii-free radicals ezikhawulezisa ukuwohloka. Kwizicelo zepayipi kunye neprofayili, ezifuna ukuqina kwexesha elide (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka engama-50+ kwipayipi yepayipi) kunye nokusebenza rhoqo, isinziziso esifanelekileyo asiyonto nje yokongeza; yinxalenye esisiseko yefomyula.
Xa kufikwa kwi-extrusion, ayizizo zonke iziqinisi ze-PVC ezenziwe ngokulinganayo. Ukhetho luxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nobushushu bokucubungula, uhlobo lwemveliso, iimfuno zomthetho, kunye neendleko. Masihlalutye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni imibhobho kunye neprofayili, kunye neenzuzo zazo, iingxaki, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo okufanelekileyo:
Izinzisi ezisekelwe kwi-leadkudala isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino, ingakumbi kwiipayipi zePVC eziqinileyo kunye neeprofayili. Ukuthandwa kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuzinzeni okugqwesileyo kobushushu, ukumelana nemozulu enamandla, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Iikhompawundi ezifana ne-tribasic lead sulfate okanye i-dibasic lead phosphite zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiifomyula zepakethi enye ezibandakanya ii-lubricants, ezenza kube lula ukuzidibanisa kwiinkqubo zokukhupha. Kwizicelo ezingacacanga, ezingezizo ezonxibelelwano lokutya—njengeepayipi zokuhambisa amanzi okanye iiprofayili zangaphakathi—iziqinisi ezisekelwe kwi-lead bezisoloko ziyindlela efanelekileyo yokuzisebenzisa. Nangona kunjalo, imihla yazo ibalwa kwiindawo ezininzi. Imithetho engqongqo efana ne-REACH kunye ne-RoHS ithintela okanye iyawathintela ama-additives asekelwe kwi-lead ngenxa yenkxalabo yokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo. Ngenxa yoko, abavelisi baya besiya kwezinye iindlela, ngakumbi kwiimveliso ezithengiswa kwi-EU, eMntla Melika, nakwezinye iimarike ezilawulwayo.
Iziqinisi zeCalcium-zinc (Ca-Zn)ziye zavela njengenye indlela ehamba phambili enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo endaweni yelead. Ezi compounds zingenabungozi, ezingenalo ilothe ngoku ziyindlela eqhelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezininzi zokukhupha, kuquka imibhobho yamanzi okusela kunye neeprofayili zangaphandle. Iziqinisi zeCa-Zn zanamhlanje, ezihlala zenziwe njengeenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo, zibonelela ngozinzo olumangalisayo lobushushu xa zidibene nezongezo ezincedisayo ezifana nee-epoxides okanye ii-phosphites. Umzekelo, isiqinisi seCa-Zn esisebenza kakuhle (njenge-RJ-702 grade esetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela) kwi-3.5 phr (inxalenye ngekhulu le-resin) sinokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuba tyheli nokuba kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu okukhupha. Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zeziqinisi zeCa-Zn kukuhambelana kwazo neeplastiki ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ezifana neDOTP, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno ze-VOC ephantsi kunye nezinganobungozi. Nangona kunjalo, zinemida: iinkqubo zemveli zeCa-Zn zinokusokola nokuzinza kobushushu bexesha elide kwiqondo eliphezulu lobushushu bokukhupha (ngaphezulu kwe-190°C) kwaye zinokufuna ukudityaniswa ngononophelo kwe-lubricant ukuze kuthintelwe iingxaki ezifana nokuphuma kwepleyiti okanye ukugqitywa komphezulu ongalunganga. Oko kuthethiweyo, inkqubela phambili ekuqulunqweni kwezinto—njengokongeza izinto ezisebenzisanayo—yenze ukuba iziqinisi ze-Ca-Zn ezisebenza kakuhle zilungele iinkqubo zokukhupha ezifuna amandla alinganayo.
Iziqinisi ze-OrganotinZiyindlela egqwesileyo yokukhetha izicelo apho ukucaca nokusebenza okuphezulu kungaxoxiswana ngako. Iikhompawundi ezifana ne-methyltin okanye i-octyltin zibonelela ngozinzo oluphezulu lobushushu, ukucaca okugqwesileyo, kunye nokufuduka okuphantsi, okwenza ukuba zilungele iiprofayili ze-PVC ezibonakalayo okanye iipayipi ezikhethekileyo. Zikwahambelana ne-FDA, yiyo loo nto zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ze-PVC ezinxibelelana nokutya, nangona ixabiso lazo eliphezulu lithintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwimveliso yepayipi eqhelekileyo kunye neprofayili. Kwiinkqubo zokukhupha ezifuna iwindow ebanzi yokucubungula (oko kukuthi, ukuguquguquka ngakumbi kulawulo lobushushu), iziqinisi ze-organotin kunzima ukuzibetha. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lazo—ngokufuthi ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kunezinye iindlela ze-lead okanye ze-Ca-Zn—zithetha ukuba zihlala zigcinelwe iimveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu kuneepayipi okanye iiprofayili zezinto ezithengiswayo.
Ukuze sikuncede sibone umahluko phakathi kwezinto ezitshintshiselanayo, nantsi intelekelelo ekhawulezileyo yeentlobo ezintathu eziphambili ze-stabilizer kwizicelo ze-extrusion:
| Uhlobo lwe-Stabilizer | Uzinzo lobushushu | Ukuthotyelwa kweMithetho | Ixabiso | Izicelo ezifanelekileyo |
| Isekelwe kwi-lead | Igqwesile | Ayithobeli mithetho (EU/NA) | Iphantsi | Iipayipi eziqinileyo ezingalawulwayo, iiprofayili zangaphakathi |
| I-Calcium-Zinc | Kuhle ukuya kuGqwesileyo (kunye nabantu abasebenzisanayo) | I-REACH/RoHS ethobelayo | Phakathi | Imibhobho yamanzi acocekileyo, iiprofayili zangaphandle, iimveliso ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo |
| I-Organotin | Igqwesile | I-FDA/REACH Compliant | Phezulu | Iiprofayili ezibonakalayo, iipayipi ezikhethekileyo, usetyenziso lokunxibelelana nokutya |
Ngoku, masitshintshele kwicala elisebenzayo: indlela yokukhetha isizinzisi sePVC esifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yakho yokukhupha, nokuba wenza imibhobho okanye iiprofayili. Inyathelo lokuqala kukulungelelanisa ukhetho lwakho neemfuno zomthetho. Ukuba uthengisa kwi-EU, eMntla Melika, okanye kwezinye iimarike ezingqongqo, izizinzisi ezisekelwe kwi-lead azikho etafileni—qala nge-Ca-Zn okanye i-organotin. Kwimibhobho yamanzi okusela, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba uyahambelana nemigangatho efana ne-NSF/ANSI 61, eyalela ukuba izongezo zifuduke kancinci.
Okulandelayo, cinga ngeemeko zakho zokucubungula. Imibhobho ye-PVC eqinileyo ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okukhupha (180–200°C) kuneeprofayili ezininzi, ngoko ke uya kufuna isiqinisi esine-thermal stabilizer enamandla. Inkqubo ye-Ca-Zn edibeneyo ene-epoxide synergists okanye i-organotin stabilizer esebenza kakhulu ingaba lukhetho olungcono apha kunomxube we-Ca-Zn osisiseko. Ukuba umgca wakho wokukhupha usebenza ngesantya esiphezulu okanye unexesha lokungasebenzi rhoqo, khangela iziqinisi ezibonelela nge-lubricity elungileyo (ukunciphisa ukungqubana kunye nokwakheka kobushushu) kunye neempawu zokukhusela ixesha lokungasebenzi. Umzekelo, ezinye iifomyula ze-Ca-Zn zenzelwe ukuthintela ukubola kwe-die buildup ngexesha lokungasebenzi ixesha elide—kubalulekile ekuphepheni ukucoca okubiza kakhulu kunye neziphene zemveliso.
Iimfuno zokusebenza kwemveliso zezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. Iiprofayili zangaphandle zifuna ukumelana ne-UV ukuthintela ukutshintsha kombala kunye nokuwohloka ngenxa yelanga, ngoko ke khetha iphakheji yokuzinzisa equka ii-UV absorbers (ezifana ne-benzotriazoles) okanye ii-hindrable amine light stabilizers (HALS). Kwimibhobho eza kuthwala ulwelo olubolayo (njengomjelo wokuhambisa amanzi kwimizi-mveliso), isizinzisi esinokumelana okuhle kweekhemikhali—njengenkqubo ye-Ca-Zn esekelwe kwi-lead okanye esebenza kakhulu—ziya kuba yimfuneko. Iiprofayili ezicacileyo, kwelinye icala, zifuna isizinzisi esingachaphazeli ukucaca, nto leyo ekhomba kwi-organotin okanye kwi-Ca-Zn stabilizers ezenziwe ngokukodwa.
Ixabiso lihlala liyinto ecingelwayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukulinganisela iindleko zangaphambili kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide. Nangona iziqinisi ezisekelwe kwi-lead zingabizi, ixabiso lokungathobeli imithetho (isohlwayo, ukukhunjulwa kwemveliso) okanye umonakalo wegama linokudlula kakhulu imali egciniweyo. Iziqinisi ze-Ca-Zn zibonelela ngendawo entle kwizicelo ezininzi: zifikeleleka ngakumbi kune-organotin kwaye zihambelana nemigaqo yehlabathi. Abavelisi abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba ukutyala imali kwi-Ca-Zn stabilizer ehlanganisiweyo ekumgangatho ophezulu kunciphisa iindleko zemveliso iyonke ngokunciphisa iziphene (ezifana nokutyheli okanye iindawo eziqhekekayo) kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.
Ukuze sibonise le migaqo isebenza, makhe sijonge umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenyani: ukwenziwa kwe-extrusion yepayipi yamanzi okusela. Injongo apha kukudala ipayipi engenabungozi, ehlala ixesha elide, kwaye ehambelana ne-NSF/ANSI 61. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokwenziwa ingabandakanya: i-resin ye-PVC-SG5 eyi-100 phr, i-35 phr DOTP (i-plasticizer enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo), i-3.5 phr composite Ca-Zn stabilizer (umgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza), i-20 phr coated calcium carbonate (filler), kunye ne-0.3 phr EVA (compatibilizer). I-composite Ca-Zn stabilizer inika uzinzo olufunekayo lobushushu ukuze imelane ne-extrusion kwi-185–195°C, ngelixa i-DOTP kunye ne-EVA ziqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle kokunyibilika kunye nokuhambelana. Isiphumo sokugqibela yipayipi ehlangabezana nayo yonke imigangatho yokhuseleko, inomphezulu ogudileyo, kwaye igcina iimpawu zayo zoomatshini kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Omnye umzekelo kukuphuma kweprofayili yefestile yangaphandle. Ezi profayili kufuneka zimelane namaqondo obushushu aphezulu okuphuma kunye nokuvezwa kwe-UV ixesha elide. Ifomyula eqhelekileyo isebenzisa i-composite Ca-Zn stabilizer edityaniswe nee-UV absorbers kunye ne-HALS. Iphakheji ye-stabilizer yenzelwe ukuthintela ukonakala kobushushu ngexesha lokukhutshwa (170–185°C) kunye nokuguga okubangelwa yi-UV kancinci. Ukongeza icandelo le-lubricant kwi-stabilizer kunceda ukuphucula ukuhamba kwe-melt kunye nokunciphisa ukungqubana, okubangela iiprofayili ezinemilo efanayo kunye nomphezulu ocwebezelayo. Le fomyula ihlangabezana neemfuno ze-REACH kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iiprofayili aziyi kuba tyheli okanye zibe buthathaka nokuba emva kweminyaka emininzi yokuvezwa elangeni.
Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwe-stabilizer ludla ngokubandakanya ukusebenzisana nomthengisi othembekileyo. Yonke imigca ye-extrusion yahlukile—izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, amanqanaba e-resin, kunye neeparamitha zokucubungula zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-stabilizer. Umthengisi olungileyo uya kusebenza nawe ukulungisa iphakheji ye-stabilizer ngokweemfuno zakho ezithile, enikezela ngamaphepha edatha yobuchwephesha (i-TDS) kunye nenkxaso kwindawo. Banokukunceda uhambe ngendlela enzima yokulawula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zakho ziyahlangabezana nayo yonke imigangatho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe.
Iziqinisi zePVC ziingongoma ezingadunyiswanga zokucubungula i-extrusion kwimibhobho nakwiiprofayili. Ziguqula i-resin engaguqukiyo kubushushu ibe yinto ehlala ixesha elide, eguquguqukayo ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwanamhlanje. Xa ukhetha isiqinisi sePVC sokukhupha i-extrusion, gxila ekuthobeleni imithetho, iimeko zokucubungula, iimfuno zokusebenza kwemveliso, kunye nebhalansi yeendleko. Kwiizicelo ezininzi namhlanje, iziqinisi zeCa-Zn ezidityanisiweyo zibonelela ngeyona ndibaniselwano ilungileyo yokusebenza, ukuthobela, kunye nexabiso. Ngokuqonda iimfuno zakho kunye nokusebenza nomthengisi othembekileyo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yakho yokukhupha i-extrusion isebenza kakuhle, iimveliso zakho zihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu, kwaye abathengi bakho bafumana ukuqina abakulindeleyo.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-28-2026