Ukubumba ngenaliti kuphakathi kwezona nkqubo zokuvelisa ezisebenziseka lula nezisebenzayoIimveliso zePVC (i-polyvinyl chloride), okuvumela ukuveliswa kweemilo ezintsonkothileyo ngokuchanekileyo okufanayo—ukusuka kwizinto zeemoto kunye neendawo zombane ezivalekileyo ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango kunye neempahla zasekhaya. Sekunjalo, ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli oluyimvelaphi yePVC lubangela umngeni owahlukileyo ngexesha lokucubungula: aluzinzanga ngokwemvelo xa luvezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ngesiqhelo i-160–220°C) kunye namandla okucheba akwimo yokubumba inaliti. Ngaphandle kozinzo olufanelekileyo, iPVC iya kubola, okukhokelela ekutshintsheni kombala (ukutyheli okanye ukuba mdaka), ukunciphisa iimpawu zoomatshini, kunye nokukhululwa kweemveliso eziyingozi. Kulapho iziqinisi zePVC zingena khona njengeeqhawe ezingadunyiswanga, kungekuphela nje ekuthinteleni ukubola kodwa nasekuphuculeni ukusebenza kokucubungula kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho. Kule blog, siza kungena kwindima ebalulekileyo yeziqinisi zePVC ekubumbeni inaliti, sihlolisise iintlobo eziqhelekileyo, kwaye sihlole indlela ezichaphazela ngayo iiparameter eziphambili zokucubungula kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso yokugqibela.
Ukuze uqonde ukuba kutheni izinto ezizinzileyo zingaxoxiswana ngazo xa kusenziwa i-PVC injection molding, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda unobangela wokungazinzi kwePVC. I-PVC yi-vinyl polymer eyenziwe yi-polymerization ye-vinyl chloride monomers, kwaye i-molecular chain yayo ine-weak chlorine-carbon bonds. Xa ifudunyezwa kumaqondo obushushu afunekayo xa kusenziwa i-injection molding, ezi bonds ziyaqhekeka, ziqalise i-chain reaction of degradation. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-dehydrochlorination, ikhupha i-hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas—into ebangela ukubola ngokukhawuleza kwaye yonakalise izixhobo zokubumba. Ukongeza, i-dehydrochlorination ikhokelela ekwakhiweni kwee-conjugated double bonds kwi-PVC chain, ezibangela ukuba izinto zibe tyheli, emva koko zibe mdaka, kwaye ekugqibeleni zibe brittle. Kwi-injection molders, oku kuthetha ukuba zizinto ezilahliweyo, iindleko zokugcinwa ezinyukileyo, kunye nokungathobeli imigaqo yokhuseleko kunye nomgangatho. Izinzisi ziphazamisa lo mjikelo wokubola ngokufunxa i-HCl, ukunciphisa i-acidic byproducts, okanye ukususa ii-free radicals eziqhuba i-chain reaction—ngokukhusela ngempumelelo i-PVC ngexesha lokucubungula nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yento.
Akunjalo kwakonaIziqinisi zePVCzenziwe ngokulinganayo, kwaye ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lokubumba ngenaliti kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo: ubushushu bokucubungula, ixesha lomjikelo, ubunzima bokubumba, iimfuno zemveliso yokugqibela (umz., ukudibana kokutya, ukumelana ne-UV), kunye nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Apha ngezantsi kukho umbono othelekisayo weentlobo ze-stabilizer ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekubumbeni ngenaliti, iindlela zazo zokusebenza, kunye neenzuzo kunye neengxaki eziphambili kwizicelo zokucubungula:
| Uhlobo lwe-Stabilizer | Indlela Yokusebenza | Iingenelo zokubumba ngenaliti | Imida | Izicelo eziqhelekileyo |
| Susa i-HCl uze wenze iibhondi ezizinzileyo ngeetsheyini zePVC; thintela ukuqhekeka kweetsheyini kunye nokudibanisa iitsheyini | Uzinzo olugqwesileyo lobushushu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu okujova; imfuneko ephantsi yedosi; impembelelo encinci ekuhambeni kokunyibilika; ivelisa iindawo ezicacileyo nezizinzileyo ngombala | Ixabiso eliphezulu; ezinye iintlobo zithintelwe kwizicelo zokunxibelelana kokutya okanye zonyango; iinkxalabo ezinokubakho kwindalo | Iimveliso zePVC ezicacileyo (umz., iityhubhu zonyango, izikhongozeli zokutya); iindawo zeemoto ezichanekileyo kakhulu | |
| Isenzo esiphindwe kabini: Iityuwa zeCa zifunxa i-HCl; Iityuwa zeZn zisusa ii-free radicals; zihlala zidityaniswe nezizinzisi-mzimba (umz., iioyile ezifakwe i-epoxidized) | Inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo (ayinasinyithi esinzima); iyahambelana nemigaqo yokutya kunye neyonyango; iyakwazi ukucutshungulwa kakuhle ngexesha elide lokujikeleza | Uzinzo oluphantsi lobushushu kune-organotins (ingcono kwi-160–190°C); inokubangela ukutshintsha kombala kancinci kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu; kufuneka idosi ephezulu | Ukupakishwa kokutya, izinto zokudlala, izixhobo zonyango, izinto zasekhaya | |
| Funxa i-HCl uze wenze i-lead chloride enganyibilikiyo; inika uzinzo lobushushu ixesha elide | Uzinzo lobushushu olungaqhelekanga; ixabiso eliphantsi; iyahambelana kakuhle nePVC; ifanelekile ekucutshungulweni kobushushu obuphezulu | Ityhefu (isinyithi esinzima); ayivumelekanga kwiindawo ezininzi kwiimveliso zabathengi kunye nezonyango; iingozi zokusingqongileyo | Imibhobho yemizi-mveliso (kwimimandla engalawulwayo); iindawo ezingasebenzisi mfuneko yomthengi | |
| IziQinisekisi zeBarium-Cadmium | Iityuwa zeBa zifunxa i-HCl; iityuwa zeCd zisusa ii-free radicals; isiphumo sokusebenzisana xa zidityanisiwe | Uzinzo oluhle lobushushu; ukugcina imibala kakuhle; ifanelekile kwi-PVC injection molding eguquguqukayo neqinileyo | I-Cadmium inetyhefu; ithintelwe kwiimarike ezininzi zehlabathi; iingozi zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo | Izicelo ezindala (ezipheliswe kwiindawo ezininzi); ezinye iimveliso zoshishino ezingezizo ezomthengi |
Kwimeko yemithetho yanamhlanje, inkokheli kunyeIziqinisi zeBa-Cdziye zancitshiswa kakhulu ngenxa yeendlela ze-organotin kunye ne-Ca-Zn, ingakumbi kwiimveliso ezijongene nabathengi kunye nezonyango. Kwizixhobo zokubumba i-injection, olu tshintsho luthetha ukuziqhelanisa neempawu ezizodwa zokucubungula zezi ziqinisi zikhuselekileyo—umzekelo, ukulungisa amaqondo obushushu okanye amaxesha omjikelo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nokuzinza okuphantsi kobushushu be-Ca-Zn, okanye ukulinganisela iindleko kunye nokusebenza xa usebenzisa ii-organotins.
Impembelelo yeziqinisi ekusebenzeni kwe-PVC ekubumbeni inaliti idlulela ngaphaya kokuthintela ukubola. Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iiparameter eziphambili zokucubungula ezifana ne-melt flow index, ixesha lomjikelo, ukuzaliswa kwesikhunta, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla—zonke ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wenxalenye. Masiwahlule la maphumo ngomxholo wehlabathi lokwenyani: ukuhamba kwesikhunta, umzekelo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-PVC compound izalisa imingxunya yesikhunta entsonkothileyo ngokulinganayo kwaye ngaphandle kweziphene ezifana neeshothi ezimfutshane okanye imigca ye-weld. Iziqinisi ze-Organotin, ngenxa yedosi yazo ephantsi kunye nokuhambelana okuhle ne-PVC, zinempembelelo encinci kwi-MFI, zivumela ukunyibilika ukuba kuhambe kakuhle nakwiindawo ezinodonga oluncinci okanye iijometri ezintsonkothileyo.Iziqinisi zeCa-ZnKwelinye icala, inokunyusa kancinci i-melt viscosity (ingakumbi kwiidosi eziphezulu), ifuna ababumbi ukuba balungise uxinzelelo lwe-injection okanye ubushushu ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba okufanelekileyo. Le yinto ephambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa utshintshela kwi-organotins ukuya kwi-Ca-Zn ukuze kuthotyelwe imithetho—utshintsho oluncinci ukuya kwiiparameter zokucubungula lunokwenza umahluko omkhulu kumgangatho ongaphantsi.
Ixesha lokujikeleza lelinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwizixhobo zokufaka inaliti, njengoko lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imveliso. Izixhobo zokuqinisa ubushushu ezizinzileyo, ezifana ne-organotins okanye i-lead (nangona ngoku zithintelwe), zivumela amaxesha okujikeleza amafutshane ngokuvumela amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okucubungula ngaphandle kokuwohloka. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anciphisa i-melt viscosity, akhawulezise ukuzaliswa kwesikhunta, kwaye afinyeze amaxesha okupholisa—zonke ezo zinyusa imveliso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izixhobo zokuqinisa ubushushu ezizinzileyo, njenge-Ca-Zn, zinokufuna amaxesha okujikeleza amade ukuze ziphephe ukutshisa kakhulu, kodwa olu tshintsho ludla ngokuthethelelwa ziingenelo zazo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Izixhobo zokuqinisa ubushushu zinokunciphisa oku ngokwenza ngcono ezinye iiparameter, njengokusebenzisa abalawuli bobushushu besikhunta okanye ukulungisa isantya sesikrufu ukunciphisa ubushushu obubangelwa kukucheba.
Uzinzo lokucheba lukwayinto ephambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zokubumba ngenaliti ezibandakanya isantya esiphezulu sezikrufu. Amandla okucheba avelisa ubushushu obongezelelekileyo kwi-PVC melt, nto leyo enyusa umngcipheko wokuwohloka. Izithambisi ezinokumelana nokucheba okuphezulu—ezifana nee-organotins kunye nee-Ca-Zn blends ezisebenzayo—zinceda ukugcina ukuthembeka kokunyibilika phantsi kwezi meko, zithintela ukutshintsha kombala kwaye ziqinisekise iipropati zenxalenye ezihambelanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izithambisi ezikumgangatho ophantsi zinokuwohloka phantsi kokucheba okuphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuhambeni kokunyibilika okungalinganiyo kunye neziphene ezifana neziphene zomphezulu okanye uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.
Ukusebenza kwemveliso yokugqibela kuxhomekeke ngokulinganayo ekukhetheni isizinzisi. Umzekelo, iimveliso ze-PVC zangaphandle (umz., ifenitshala yegadi, i-cladding yangaphandle) zifuna izizinzisi ezinokumelana ne-UV ukuthintela ukubola elangeni. Uninzi lwezizinzisi ze-Ca-Zn kunye ne-organotin zinokwenziwa ngee-UV absorbers okanye izizinzisi zokukhanya ze-amine ezithintelweyo (HALS) ukuphucula ukuguquguquka kwemozulu. Kwiimveliso ze-PVC eziqinileyo ezifana nezixhobo zombhobho okanye izithintelo zombane, izizinzisi eziphucula amandla empembelelo kunye nozinzo lobukhulu zibalulekile. Ii-Organotins, ngakumbi, zaziwa ngokugcina iipropati zoomatshini ze-PVC eqinileyo ngexesha lokucubungula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zinokumelana noxinzelelo kwaye zigcine imo yazo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ii-applications zokunxibelelana kokutya kunye nezonyango zifuna iziqinisi ezingenabungozi kwaye zihambelana nemigangatho yehlabathi. Iziqinisi ze-Ca-Zn ziyindlela yegolide apha, njengoko zingenazo i-heavy-metal kwaye zihlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko. Ii-Organotins zikwasetyenziswa kwezinye ii-applications zokunxibelelana kokutya, kodwa kuphela iintlobo ezithile (umz., i-methyltin, i-butyltin) ezivunyiweyo ukusetyenziswa okunjalo. Ii-molders ezisebenza kwezi candelo kufuneka ziqinisekise ngononophelo ukuthotyelwa kweefomyula zazo zokudibanisa ukuze kuthintelwe imiba yemithetho kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabathengi.
Xa ukhethaIsiqinisi sePVC sokubumba ngenaliti, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngaphandle kohlobo kunye nokusebenza. Ukuhambelana nezinye izongezo kubalulekile—iikhompawundi zePVC zihlala ziqulathe iiplastiki, ii-lubricants, ii-fillers, kunye nee-pigment, kwaye i-stabilizer kufuneka isebenze ngokubambisana nezi zinto. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-lubricants zinokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-stabilizers ngokwenza umqobo phakathi kwe-stabilizer kunye ne-PVC matrix, ngoko ke ababumbi banokufuna ukulungisa amanqanaba e-lubricant okanye bakhethe i-stabilizer enokuhambelana ngcono. Idosi yenye into ephambili: ukusebenzisa i-stabilizer encinci kakhulu kuya kubangela ukhuseleko olunganeleyo kunye nokuwohloka, ngelixa ukusebenzisa kakhulu kunokukhokelela ekuqhakazeni (apho i-stabilizer ifudukela kumphezulu wenxalenye) okanye ukunciphisa iipropati zoomatshini. Uninzi lwabavelisi be-stabilizer banikezela uluhlu lweedosi ezicetyiswayo ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwe-PVC (eqinileyo vs. eguquguqukayo) kunye neemeko zokucubungula, kwaye kubalulekile ukulandela le migaqo ngelixa uqhuba uvavanyo ukuze uphucule ukusebenza.
Iindlela zokusingqongileyo kunye nemithetho nazo zibumba ikamva lezinto ezizinzileyo zePVC zokubumba ngenaliti. Ukunyanzeliswa kwehlabathi lonke kozinzo kukhokelele ekwandeni kwemfuno yezinto ezizinzileyo ezisekelwe kwibhayoloji okanye ezinokubola, nangona ezi zisekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso. Ukongeza, imithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezithile (umz., i-REACH kwi-EU) iqhuba uphuhliso kwiifomyula ezikhuselekileyo nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ii-molders kufuneka zihlale zinolwazi malunga nezi ndlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zazo zihlala zihambelana kwaye zikhuphisana. Umzekelo, ukutshintshela kwi-Ca-Zn stabilizers ngoku kunokunceda ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka ukuba imithetho engqongqo kwi-organotins iyasetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuze sibonise impembelelo yokwenyani yokukhetha i-stabilizer, makhe siqwalasele uphando lwetyala: i-molder evelisa ii-PVC eziqinileyo zombane ngokusebenzisa i-injection molding yayifumana ukutyheli rhoqo kweendawo kunye namazinga aphezulu e-scrap. Uphando lokuqala lubonise ukuba i-molder yayisebenzisa i-Ba-Cd stabilizer engabizi kakhulu, eyayingapheleli nje ekungathobelini imithetho ye-EU kodwa ikwakhusela ngokwaneleyo i-PVC kubushushu obuphezulu bokucubungula (200°C) obufunekayo kuyilo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-mold. Emva kokutshintshela kwi-organotin stabilizer esebenza kakhulu, ingxaki yokutyheli yasuswa, amazinga e-scrap ehla ngama-35%, kwaye iindawo zahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko ye-EU. I-molder ikwaqaphele ukuphucuka kokuhamba kwe-melt, okunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-injection kwaye kwanciphisa amaxesha omjikelo nge-10%, okunyusa imveliso iyonke. Komnye umzekelo, umenzi weekhonteyina ze-PVC zodidi lokutya watshintsha ukusuka kwi-organotins ukuya kwi-Ca-Zn stabilizer ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno ze-FDA. Nangona kwakufuneka balungise ubushushu bokucubungula kancinci (bebuhlisa ukusuka kwi-195°C ukuya kwi-185°C) ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo, iswitshi yayingenamthungo kwaye ayinampembelelo ingako kwixesha lokujikeleza, kwaye iindawo zagcina ukucaca kwazo kunye neempawu zazo zoomatshini.
Iziqinisi ze-PVC zibalulekile ekubunjweni kwe-injection ngempumelelo, zisebenza njengabakhuseli ekuwohlokeni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle kokucubungula. Ukukhetha isiqinisi—nokuba yi-organotin, i-Ca-Zn, okanye olunye uhlobo—kufuneka kulungiselelwe iimeko ezithile zokucubungula, iimfuno zemveliso yokugqibela, kunye nemida yokulawula. Abaqulunqi abachitha ixesha ekukhetheni isiqinisi esifanelekileyo kunye nokwenza ngcono iiparameter zokucubungula ngokusekelwe kuloo khetho baya kuxhamla kumazinga aphantsi e-scrap, imveliso ephezulu, kunye neendawo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza. Njengoko ishishini liqhubeka nokuguquka ukuya ekuzinzeni kunye nemigaqo engqongqo, ukuhlala unolwazi malunga neetekhnoloji zamva nje ze-stabilizer kunye neendlela kuya kuba ngundoqo ekugcineni umda wokukhuphisana. Nokuba uvelisa iindawo ze-PVC eziqinileyo okanye eziguquguqukayo, ezisetyenziselwa abathengi okanye amashishini, isiqinisi esifanelekileyo sisiseko senkqubo ephumelelayo yokubumba i-injection.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-29-2026