I-PVC ifumana indlela yayo kwiimveliso ezingenakubalwa ukusuka kwizixhobo zokwakha ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango. Sekunjalo, ukuba sesichengeni kwe-PVC ekuwohlokeni kobushushu kudala kube ngumngeni kwiiprosesa. Xa ivezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu afunekayo ukuze kukhutshwe, kufakwe inaliti, okanye kufakwe i-calendar, i-PVC ifumana i-dehydrochlorination—i-chain reaction ephula ulwakhiwo lwayo lweemolekyuli, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutshintsheni kombala, ekubeni buthathaka, kwaye ekugqibeleni imveliso ingasebenzi. Kulapho ke iziqinisi zetin ze-PVC zingena khona, zisebenza njengomgca obalulekileyo wokuzikhusela ukugcina ukuthembeka kwezinto. Phakathi kwezi, iziqinisi ze-organotin ziye zavela njengomgangatho wegolide wezicelo zokusebenza okuphezulu, zibonelela ngokudibanisa okwahlukileyo kokuthembeka, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokuchaneka okunzima ukukufumana kwezinye iikhemistri zokuzinzisa.
Iipropati eziphambili ze-Tin Stabilizers ze-PVC
Iziqinisi zetin, ingakumbi ii-organotin variants, zifumana ukusebenza kwazo kwiseti yeempawu zangaphakathi ezenzelwe ukujongana neendlela zokubola kwe-PVC. Kwinqanaba le-molecular, ezi zizinzileyo zine-atom ye-tin ephakathi edityaniswe namaqela e-alkyl—ngesiqhelo i-methyl, i-butyl, okanye i-octyl—kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-mercaptides okanye ii-carboxylates. Olu lwakhiwo lubalulekile kwindlela yazo yokwenza izinto ezimbini: ukuthintela ukubola ngaphambi kokuba kuqale kwaye kunciphise umonakalo xa usenzeka.
Ukucaca yenye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zeziqinisi ze-organotin. Ngokungafaniyo neziqinisi zesepha ezisekelwe kwi-lead okanye zesinyithi, ezidla ngokubangela ukuba umbala ube mfiliba okanye utshintshe, iziqinisi zetin ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zidityaniswe kakuhle nee-resin zePVC, nto leyo evumela ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezicacileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba isalathisi sazo sokuqaqamba sihambelana kakhulu nesePVC, sisusa ukusasazeka kokukhanya kwaye siqinisekise ukucaca kokukhanya. Kwizicelo apho inkangeleko ingaxoxiswananga—njengeefilimu zokupakisha ukutya okanye iityhubhu zonyango—le mpawu yodwa yenza iziqinisi ze-organotin zibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo.
Enye into echazayo kukuba amandla okufuduka aphantsi. Kwiinkqubo ezinobuzaza ezifana nokudibana kokutya okanye imibhobho yamanzi okusela, ukufuduka kwezithambisi ukuya kwindawo engqongileyo kubeka umngcipheko wokhuseleko. Izithambisi zetin, ingakumbi ezo zenzelwe ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, zibonisa ukufuduka okuncinci xa zidityaniswe kwi-matrices zePVC. Oku kungenxa yokuhambelana kwazo kakhulu nePVC, okuthintela ukuvuza ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yehlabathi efana nemigaqo ye-FDA kunye nemiyalelo yokunxibelelana kokutya ye-EU.
Ukuguquguquka kwimo ebonakalayo kuphucula ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwezithambisi zetin. Zifumaneka kurhwebo njengezinto ezingamanzi, iipowder, okanye iifomyula zegranular, nganye ifanele iimfuno ezithile zokucubungula. Izithambisi ze-organotin ezingamanzi zibonelela ngokulula kokulinganisa kunye nokusasazwa okufanayo kwiikhompawundi zePVC, nto leyo ezenza zibe zilungele imigca yokukhupha ngesantya esiphezulu. Iinguqulelo zomgubo, okwangoku, zibalasele kwiifomyula ezomileyo zokudibanisa inaliti, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okulinganayo kuzo zonke iibhetshi. Oku kuguquguquka kuvumela iiprosesa ukuba zidibanise izithambisi zetin kwimisebenzi ekhoyo ngaphandle kotshintsho olukhulu.
Iingenelo Zokusebenza Kwinkqubo Ye-PVC
Ukusebenza kweiziqinisi zetin zePVCayinakuthelekiswa nanto xa kufikwa ekumelaneni nobunzima bokucubungula amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Uzinzo lobushushu ngamandla abo aphambili—bathintela ngempumelelo i-dehydrochlorination ngokukhupha i-hydrochloric acid (HCl) ekhutshwa ngexesha lokuwohloka kwe-PVC kunye nokutshintsha ii-athomu ze-chlorine ezilabile kwikhonkco le-polymer. Oku kuthintela ukwakheka kweebhondi ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo, ezibangela ukuba iimveliso ze-PVC zibe tyheli kwaye zibe mnyama.
Ngokwendlela esebenzayo, oku kuthetha ukuba iifestile zokucubungula ezinde kunye nokuphucula imveliso. Iiprosesa ezisebenzisa iziqinisi zetin zinokusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni umgangatho wemveliso, zinciphise amaxesha okujikeleza kokukhupha kunye nokubumba ngenaliti. Umzekelo, ekuvelisweni kwemibhobho yePVC eqinileyo, iziqinisi ze-organotin zivumela amaqondo obushushu okukhupha ukuba atyhalelwe kwi-10–15°C ngaphezulu kunakwi-iziqinisi ze-calcium-zinc, ukwandisa umbane ngelixa kugcinwa amandla ombhobho kunye nokuqina. Oku kuqina kobushushu kukwaqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemveliso ixesha elide, njengoko iimveliso zePVC ezizinzileyo zigcina iipropati zazo zoomatshini—ezifana nokumelana neempembelelo kunye nokuguquguquka—nokuba zichatshazelwe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu xa zisebenza.
Ukugcinwa kombala yenye inzuzo ebalulekileyo yokusebenza. Izithambisi zetin zibonelela ngozinzo oluhle kakhulu lombala wokuqala, zithintela ukutyheli okuhlala kuchaphazela iimveliso zePVC ngexesha lokucubungula. Zikwagcina ukuhambelana kombala kulo lonke ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, nokuba kusetyenziswe ngaphandle kwimitha ye-UV. Nangona izithambisi ze-organotin zingezizo izithambisi ze-UV eziphambili, ukukwazi kwazo ukunciphisa ukubola kwe-polymer ngokungathanga ngqo kuphucula ukumelana ne-UV, ngakumbi xa zidityaniswe nezithambisi zokukhanya ezincedisayo. Oku kuzenza zifaneleke kwiimveliso zangaphandle ezifana neeprofayili zefestile, i-siding, kunye nocingo, apho umbala ungatshintshwa khona.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula kuphuculiswa ngakumbi kukuhambelana kwezithambisi zetin kunye nePVC kunye nezinye izongezo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinkqubo zokulungisa ezibangela ukuphuma kweplate--apho izongezo zifakwa kwizixhobo zokulungisa-izithambisi ze-organotin zinciphisa ukwakheka kwezikrufu ze-extruder kunye nee-calender rolls. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi lokucoca nokulungisa, kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Iimpawu zazo ezilungileyo zokuthambisa (xa zenziwe ngezongezo ezidibeneyo) zikwaphucula ukuhamba kokunyibilika, ziqinisekisa ubukhulu obufanayo kwiifilimu kunye namaphepha kunye nokunciphisa iziphene ezifana nokugoba kwiiprofayili.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona iziqinisi zetin zisebenza kakuhle, zifuna ukwenziwa ngononophelo ukuze zijongane nemida yazo. Umzekelo, iziqinisi ze-organotin ezisekelwe kwi-mercaptide zinokuba nevumba elincinci, elinokunciphisa ngokuxuba nezinye izongezo ezithintela ivumba. Ukongeza, ixabiso lazo eliphezulu xa lithelekiswa neziqinisi ze-lead okanye i-calcium-zinc lincitshiswa ziimfuno zedosi ephantsi—iziqinisi zetin zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, zihlala zisetyenziswa kwi-0.5–2% ngobunzima be-PVC, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe nexabiso eliphantsi kwizicelo ezinexabiso eliphezulu.
Izicelo eziqhelekileyo kumashishini onke
Indibaniselwano eyahlukileyo yeempawu kunye nokusebenza yenze ukuba izibambisi-zintsimbi zePVC zibe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi. Ukuguquguquka kwazo kuyabonakala kwizicelo zePVC eziqinileyo neziqinileyo, kunye neendidi ze-organotin ezilawula iimarike apho umgangatho kunye nokuthobela imithetho kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ishishini lokwakha lilona lisebenzisa kakhulu i-PVC eqinisiweyo. Iipayipi ze-PVC eziqinileyo kunye nezixhobo zeenkqubo zamanzi okusela zixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-organotin stabilizers ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqina kwexesha elide. Ezi stabilizers zithintela ukuwohloka kobushushu obucutshungulwayo kunye namanzi afudumeleyo ahamba ngemibhobho, nto leyo eyandisa ubomi benkonzo ukuya kwiminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu. Iiprofayili zeefestile kunye nee-siding nazo ziyazuza kuzinzo lobushushu lwe-tin stabilizers kunye nokugcinwa kombala, kunye ne-butyl tin formulations esemgangathweni weshishini kwiimveliso zokwakha zangaphandle. Amandla azo okumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo—ukusuka ebusika obubandayo ukuya ehlotyeni elishushu—aqinisekisa ukuba iiprofayili zigcina imo yazo kunye nenkangeleko yazo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka okanye ukufiphala.
Ukupakishwa yenye indawo ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa, ngakumbi kwiimveliso zokutya kunye namayeza. Iifilimu zePVC ezibonakalayo kwiipakethe zeblister, izikhongozeli zokutya, kunye ne-shrink wrap zixhomekeke kwi-organotin stabilizers ukugcina ukucaca kunye nokhuseleko. Iifomyula ezininzi ze-octyl kunye ne-butyl tin zivunyiwe yi-FDA ukuze zinxibelelane nokutya, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungele ukupakisha imveliso entsha, inyama, kunye nokutya okucutshungulweyo. Kwipakethe yamayeza, iipakethe zePVC blister ezizinzisiweyo ngetin zikhusela amayeza kumswakama kunye nongcoliseko ngelixa zihlala zingenabungozi kwaye zingabi nabungozi.
Ishishini lezixhobo zonyango lixhomekeke kukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwezithambisi ze-organotin. Iityhubhu ze-PVC, iibhegi ze-IV, kunye nee-catheter zifuna izithambisi ezingenabungozi, ezifudukayo kancinci, kwaye ezihambelana neenkqubo zokubulala iintsholongwane. Izithambisi zetin ziyahlangabezana nale migangatho, ziqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zonyango zigcina ukuguquguquka kwazo kunye nokuthembeka kwazo ngokuzicoca okanye ukubulala iintsholongwane nge-ethylene oxide. Ukucaca kwazo kubalulekile nakwiibhegi ze-IV, okuvumela ababoneleli bezempilo ukuba bajonge amanqanaba olwelo kwaye bafumane ungcoliseko.
Izicelo ezikhethekileyo zigxininisa ngakumbi ukulungelelaniswa kwezithambisi zetin. Amakhadi etyala kunye namakhadi e-ID, asebenzisa amaphepha e-PVC aqinileyo, axhomekeke kwizithambisi ze-organotin ukugcina ukuprintwa nokuqina. Ezi zithambisi ziqinisekisa ukuba i-PVC igcina umphezulu wayo ogudileyo ukuze inamathele kwi-inki kwaye imelana nokuguguleka ngenxa yokuphathwa rhoqo. Izinto zangaphakathi zeemoto, ezifana ne-dashboard trim kunye ne-wire harness insulation, nazo zisebenzisa izithambisi zetin ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngaphakathi kwezithuthi kunye nokugcina ukusebenza koomatshini ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukulinganisela Ukusebenza kunye noZinzo
Njengoko ishishini lokuvelisa litshintshela ekuzinzeni, iziqinisi ze-tin ze-PVC ziye zaguquka ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zokusingqongileyo kunye nemithetho. Ngokwembali, iinkxalabo malunga nobuthi beekhompawundi ezithile ze-tin zikhokelele kwimithetho engqongqo eYurophu naseMntla Melika, nto leyo ebangele ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezikhuselekileyo ze-organotin. Iziqinisi ze-octyl kunye ne-butyl tin zanamhlanje ziye zahlulwahlulwa ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo olubanzi, kwaye ezininzi zivunyiwe ukuba zisetyenziswe kwizicelo ezinobuzaza xa ziphathwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukongeza, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezithambisi zetin kunceda ekuzinzeni ngokunciphisa inkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo. Iimfuno zazo eziphantsi zomthamo zinciphisa ubungakanani bezithambisi ezisetyenziswayo ngeyunithi nganye yePVC, zinciphisa umngcipheko wekhabhoni yemveliso. Ngaphezu koko, iimveliso zePVC ezizinziswe ngetin zinobomi obude benkonzo, zinciphisa isidingo sokutshintshwa kwaye zinciphisa inkunkuma kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Xa zidityaniswe neenkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe zePVC, izithambisi zetin zixhasa uqoqosho olujikelezayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iPVC ephinda isetyenziswe igcina iimpawu zayo zokusebenza.
Iziqinisi ze-tin ze-PVC, ingakumbi ii-organotin variants, azinakutshintshwa kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenza okungapheliyo, ukucaca, kunye nokhuseleko. Iimpawu zazo ezikhethekileyo—ukusuka ekukhanyeni kokukhanya ukuya kuzinzo oluphezulu lobushushu—zijongana nemingeni ephambili yokucubungula i-PVC, ngelixa ukuguquguquka kwazo kuzenza zifaneleke kumashishini aqala kulwakhiwo ukuya kukhathalelo lwempilo. Njengoko imigaqo kunye neenjongo zozinzo zitshintsha, abavelisi bayaqhubeka nokuphucula iindlela zokuqinisa i-tin, beqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso yanamhlanje ngelixa belandela imigangatho yokusingqongileyo.
Kwiprosesa, ukukhetha isiqinisi setin esifanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo—nokuba kukuthobela i-FDA ekupakisheni ukutya, ukumelana nemozulu kwiiprofayili zangaphandle, okanye ukucaca kwezixhobo zonyango. Ngokusebenzisa iipropati kunye nokusebenza kweziqinisi zetin, abavelisi banokuvelisa iimveliso zePVC ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezimela uvavanyo lwexesha, zilinganise imveliso, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuzinza kwibhetshi nganye.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-21-2026