Uninzi lwabavelisi bemveliso yePVC abajolise kwiimarike zase-US naseYurophu bajongene neentloko ezibuhlungu zokuthobela imithetho rhoqo. Nokuba sele benazo izatifikethi zovavanyo lwemveliso ezigqityiweyo, iibhetshi zisasilela ekuhlolweni kwerhafu okanye ziyaliwa ngabathengi ngenxa yeziqinisi zePVC ezingathobeli mithetho. Uninzi lweengxaki zokuthobela imithetho azibangelwa ziinkqubo zemveliso ezineziphene, kodwa zivela kwiinkcukacha ezingahoywanga ekukhetheni iziqinisi, imigangatho yovavanyo lokufuduka, kunye nomahluko olinganiselweyo phakathi kwemigaqo ye-FDA kunye ne-EU.
Iziqinisi zePVC zodidi lokutya zezona zongezo ziphambili ezisebenzayo eziqinisekisa ukhuseleko loqhagamshelwano lokutya lwefilimu yokunamathela yePVC, amaphepha okupakisha ukutya, kunye nemibhobho yamanzi okusela. Ngokungafaniyo neziqinisi zemizi-mveliso ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano lokutya kufuneka zivivinywe ngokungqongqo ngetyhefu kwaye zithobele imigangatho yomthetho ethile yengingqi.
Kutheni ukuThotyelwa kweStabilizer kumisela ukufaneleka kokunxibelelana kokutya kwePVC
I-resin ye-PVC ngokwayo ineempawu ezibonakalayo ezizinzileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimveliso zokudibanisa ukutya, kodwaiziqinisi zobushushuezongeziweyo ngexesha lokucubungula zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwayo kokhuseleko. Iziqinisi zesinyithi esinzima ezisekelwe kwi-lead, ezisekelwe kwi-cadmium, zibonelela ngemiphumo emihle yokuzinzisa kodwa azivumelekanga ngokupheleleyo kwiimeko zokudibana kokutya kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yobuthi obuqhubekayo kunye nemingcipheko yokufuduka.
Ngokubaiimveliso zePVC zezinga lokutya, ubumsulwa besiqinisi, umthamo oseleyo wesinyithi esinzima, kunye nokuzinza kokufuduka kobushushu obuphezulu ziba zizibonakaliso eziphambili zokuhlola. Abalawuli kunye nabathengi bamanye amazwe abasavavanyi kuphela ukhuseleko lwemveliso egqityiweyo; balandela ukuthobela umva kwizinto ezongeziweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ziinkqubo zesiqinisi ezivunyiweyo yi-FDA kunye ne-EU kuphela ezinokuxhasa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwexesha elide kweemveliso zoqhagamshelwano lokutya ze-PVC ezifanelekileyo.
Iimeko ezintathu eziphambili zokudibana kokutya kwe-PVC ziye zahlula izinto eziza kuqala ukuthobela imithetho ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokwenyani zenkonzo. Izixhobo zokupakisha ukutya ze-PVC ezidibana nokutya okune-asidi, ioyile, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu zifuna ulawulo oluqinileyo lomthamo wokufuduka okupheleleyo. Iifilimu zokuncamathela kokutya ezicacileyo zifuna ubunyulu obuphezulu bokuzinzisa ukuze kuthintelwe ukuna kwemvula kunye nokungcola. Iipayipi zesiselo ze-PVC ezigxile kwiimeko zokuntywiliselwa emanzini ixesha elide zibeka phambili ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide kokulwa nokufuduka kwezinto ezizinzileyo.
Imithetho Esebenzayo Yokuthobela Imithetho ye-FDA Yezinto Ezigcina I-PVC Zisemgangathweni Wokutya
Ukuthobela imveliso yePVC yokunxibelelana nokutya e-US kulandela imigaqo ye-FDA 21 CFR Icandelo 177 kunye ne-178, kunye neemfuno ezicacileyo nezinyanzeliswayo zeentlobo ze-stabilizer ezivumelekileyo, imida yesinyithi esinzima, kunye neemeko zovavanyo lokufuduka. Ngokungafaniyo nemigaqo engacacanga yeshishini, imithetho ye-FDA ichaza izalathisi ezinokulinganiswa ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso yebhetshi kunye nokuhlolwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ngokuphathelele imvume yezinto eziphathekayo, i-FDA ivumela kuphelaisizinzisi esingeyiyo ityhefuiinkqubo eziquka iziqinisi ze-calcium zinc kunye neziqinisi ze-organotin ezivunyiweyo zokuvelisa i-PVC yokudibanisa ukutya. Zonke iziqinisi zesinyithi esinzima ezine-lead, i-cadmium, i-mercury, kunye ne-hexavalent chromium azivumelekanga ngokucacileyo, kwaye azinyamezeli nakancinci iintsimbi ezinzima ezishiyekileyo kwizithako ezigqityiweyo.
Kuvavanyo lokufuduka, i-FDA ihlela imigangatho yovavanyo ngokwemidiya yokulinganisa ukutya kunye nobushushu benkonzo. Ukutya okumanzi, ukutya okune-asidi, kunye nokutya okunamafutha kuhambelana neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa isinyibilikisi. Umthamo wokupholisa ozinzileyo phantsi kokugcinwa kobushushu obuphantsi kunye neemeko zokufudumeza kobushushu obuphezulu kufuneka zombini zihlangabezane nemida echaziweyo. Ukongeza, i-FDA ibeka imida ecacileyo yedosi ephezulu yeziqinisi kwiifilimu ze-PVC eziguquguqukayo zokunxibelelana kokutya, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezongezo ekubangeni iingozi ezinokubakho zokhuseleko.
Imigangatho yokuthobela uQhagamshelwano lokutya lwe-EU kunye neemfuno ezisebenzayo
I-EU yamkela inkqubo yokuthobela imithetho engqongqo nebanzi ngakumbiIziqinisi zePVC zezinga lokutya, egxile kwimigaqo ye-EU 10/2011 yezinto zokunxibelelana nokutya kweplastiki, eyongezelelwe yimiqathango ye-REACH kunye ne-RoHS. Xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho ye-FDA, imithetho ye-EU ibeka imida engqongqo kwiintsalela zesinyithi esinzima kunye nokufuduka kwezinto ezilandelelanayo, nto leyo eba ngumda ophambili wokufikelela kwimarike yaseYurophu ephezulu.
Uhlolo lokuthobela i-EU lugxile kwiinkalo ezimbini eziphambili: ukufuduka okupheleleyo kunye nokufuduka kwezinto ezithile. Umthamo wokufuduka uwonke wezinto ezizinzileyo phantsi kweemeko zokusetyenziswa kakhulu akufuneki udlule umda oqhelekileyo, kwaye izinto ezithintelweyo ezifana neeplastiki ze-phthalate kunye nee-monomers ezinobungozi ezisele kwi-stabilizers kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zoluhlu lwabaviwa be-REACH. Kwimibhobho yesiselo se-PVC kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ukutya ezithatha ixesha elide, i-EU ifuna uvavanyo lokufuduka olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwe-stabilizer ngexesha lenkonzo yexesha elide.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amasiko e-EU kunye nolawulo lwemarike benza iisampulu ezingacwangciswanga zezinto eziluhlaza ukongeza kuvavanyo lwemveliso egqityiweyo. Nokuba iimveliso ezigqityiweyo ziyaphumelela kuhlolo, iibhetshi zozinziso ezingafanelekanga ziya kukhokelela ekubuyiselweni kwemveliso kunye neerekhodi zokufaneleka kwababoneleli, nto leyo ebangela impembelelo embi yexesha elide kwishishini lokuthumela ngaphandle.
Umahluko Ophambili Ekuthotyelweni Kwemithetho kunye Neengcebiso Ezisebenzayo Zokukhetha
Uninzi lwabavelisi lubhidanisa imigangatho ye-FDA kunye ne-EU, nto leyo ebangela uvavanyo olungafunekiyo okanye ukuthotyelwa ngokwaneleyo. Kwimisebenzi yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, ukuthotyelwa kwemarike yase-US kugxile ekubeni semthethweni kwefomula kunye nokuthintelwa kwesinyithi esinzima, ngelixa iimarike ze-EU zigxininisa ulawulo lweziyobisi ezilandelelanayo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kozinzo lwexesha elide.
Kubavelisi abathumela kwamanye amazwe kuzo zombini iimarike, ukwamkela iziqinisi zePVC eziqinisekisiweyo ezimbini zezinga lokutya sesona sisombululo singabizi kakhulu.Isiqinisi se-calcium zinc esifanelekileyoIimveliso zinokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho ye-FDA 21 CFR kunye ne-EU 10/2011, eneempawu ezingenasinyithi esinzima, ukufuduka okuphantsi, kunye nozinzo oluphezulu. Kwimveliso yefilimu yokuncamathela ecacileyo ephezulu, kucetyiswa ukuba iziqinisi zokutya ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezicocekileyo kakhulu ukuze kuthintelwe amanqaku ekristale kunye nokuna kwemvula ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukuthotyelwa. Kwizixhobo ze-PVC zemibhobho yesiselo, iifomyula zokuzinzisa ezichasene nokufuduka kwexesha elide kufuneka zibekwe phambili ukuze zilungelelaniswe neemeko zokunxibelelana kwamanzi okuqhubekayo.
Eyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo yokuthobela imithetho kushishino kukugxila kuphela kwiingxelo zovavanyo lwemveliso egqityiweyo ngelixa kunganakwa isiqinisekiso sezinto eziluhlaza ezizinzileyo. Uninzi lwezinto ezizinzileyo ezingafanelekiyo ziyahlangabezana neempawu ezisisiseko zomzimba kodwa ziyasilela ekulandeleni iimvavanyo zokufuduka, eziba ngunobangela ofihlakeleyo wokwaliwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kweziqinisekiso zomthengisi kunye novavanyo lwesampulu yebatch yezinto eziluhlaza ziikhonkco ezibalulekileyo zokuzinzisa umgangatho wokuthobela imithetho.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
1. Ngaba iziqinisi zePVC ezikumgangatho wokutya ziyahambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo yemarike yase-US neye-EU?
Ayizizo zonke iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela ezixhasa ukufikelela kwimarike ezimbini. Ezinye izinto ezizinzisayo zihlangabezana kuphela nemigangatho esisiseko ye-FDA kodwa ziyasilela ekufudukeni okungqongqo kwe-EU kunye novavanyo lwezinto ezithintelweyo. Kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezizinzisayo eziqinisekiswe ngokucacileyo ukuba ziyahambelana ne-FDA 21 CFR kunye ne-EU 10/2011.
2. Ngaba iifilimu ze-PVC zokuncamathelisa kunye nokupakishwa kokutya zifuna iifomyula ezahlukeneyo zokuzinzisa?
Ewe. Iifilimu ze-Cling zifuna izinto ezizinzileyo nezicacileyo nezinobunyulu obuphezulu ezinemida engqongqo kwiinxalenye zemvula ukuqinisekisa ukucaca komphezulu kunye nokhuseleko lokuxinana kokutya. Izinto zokupakishwa kokutya ngokubanzi ze-PVC zibeka phambili uzinzo olulinganisiweyo kunye nolawulo lweendleko ngeemfuno zokucaca ezikhululekileyo.
3. Kutheni iimveliso ezigqityiweyo ezifanelekileyo zisasilela ekuhlolweni kwemarike ye-EU?
Ulawulo lwe-EU lulandelela iingozi zokhuseleko kwizongezo zezinto eziluhlaza. Ukufaneleka kwemveliso egqityiweyo akunakugubungela iingozi zokungathobeli imithetho ye-stabilizer. Iintsalela ze-stabilizer ezingafanelekiyo kunye nokufuduka kwe-trace kuya kubangela ukungaphumeleli kokuhlolwa nokuba izalathi zemveliso egqityiweyo ziqhelekile.
4. Ngaba izinto ezigcina i-calcium zinc zikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo kwiimveliso ze-PVC ezidibana nokutya?
Iziqinisi ze-calcium zinc ezikumgangatho wokutya ezivunyiweyo yi-FDA kunye ne-EU azinabungozi kwaye ziyahambelana nemithetho, zifanelekile kuzo zonke iimeko ze-PVC zokuxinana kokutya. Iziqinisi ze-calcium zinc ezikumgangatho woshishino ziqulathe iintsalela zokungcola kwaye azivumelekanga ngokungqongqo ekusetyenzisweni kokuxinana kokutya.
5. Abavelisi kufuneka bahlaziye kangaphi iingxelo zovavanyo lokuthobela imithetho ye-stabilizer?
Imithetho yokunxibelelana kokutya ye-EU ne-US ayilungiswa rhoqo. Kucetyiswa ukuba kuhlaziywe iingxelo zokuthobela imithetho yezinto eziluhlaza rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-1-2 kwaye kwenziwe uvavanyo lokuvavanya iisampulu zeebhetshi zeebhetshi zemveliso emitsha ukuze kuthintelwe ukusilela kokuthobela imithetho okubangelwa luhlaziyo oluqhelekileyo okanye uhlengahlengiso lwefomula.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-03-2026